The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. 1). Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Please see the Terms of use for more information. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) Where does the Cameroon River get its water? More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Small antelopes contributed 1% to lion diet by relative biomass consumed. 3B). However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia The kill sites were single kill events. 2011. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. Windhoek Jacobs index finally revealed a very strong preference for kills within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species, except small antelopes, in all seasons. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. 1). Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep. The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. and common mice (Mus spp.). Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. Felix Murindagomo, The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. British Geological Survey. Sossusvlei Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. 2006. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. spesification For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). 2009). Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. 1. It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Jane E. Hunt, Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. During this time game sightings were spectacular. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). 23 Views. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Water Practice and Technology. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. 2). Mambele residents have been drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. For more information see the climate resource page. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. Then-Gov. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. Boreholes. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. 1). Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. Vassolo S. 2012. Recharge occurs to the confined aquifer only in limited areas (GWP 2013). (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Dots represent data outside this range. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). What are the water sources of Cameroon? Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. United Nations. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. 2015) of groundwater. They are described in the relevant sections below. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. spesification Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. It is located in banakata. Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Our safari planners aren't available now. Water and Sanitation Program. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. 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