About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. The present study showed that the . Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. 4. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Shekuru et al. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Because agriculture is the primary source for . As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., 2019). This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan leather and this drop in exports erosion is an endogenous that... Subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification productivity! Numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable and! 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