This test uses sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia to test and identify metal ions by the precipitation formed. Its salts color a flame violet or blue-purple. A purple color flame was observed when the solution was intro- duced in the flame. Why is there green flame when burning copper sulphate? When a metal is heated after absorbing energy the excitation of electron can be given by . If your sample has any sodium contamination, the color you observe may include an unexpected contribution from yellow. Spray each solution into the flame of the burner. bo (a) (b) - flame test- yellow green color 12. This testing may be done for diagnosis or monitoring. Most people probably remember doing this experiment in school chemistry lessons, if not with the full range of ions shown here, but for the uninitiated a brief explanation of the origin of the colours follows. Ethanol is very flammable. What happens to barium chloride when put under flame? For Group 1 compounds, flame tests are usually by far the easiest way of identifying which metal you have got. Why is potassium visible in a flame test when using cobalt glass? determines the flame color involves atoms instead of ions. What color flame should ammonium chloride have? https://www.thoughtco.com/flame-test-colors-photo-gallery-4053133 (accessed January 18, 2023). Ammonium Test. Be sure that the spray is directed away from any observers. Not a valid YouTube URL. Most fuels contain sodium (e.g., candles and wood), so you're familiar with the yellow color this metal adds to a flame. The flame test is one of the most widely used analytical procedures in Chemistry. What is the colour of the flame for ammonium chloride? This web site is provided on an "as is" basis. These are the metals that give the flame test and show colors. color. 0000001234 00000 n Coming soon to Twitter. How you can easily test strontium nitrate ammonium carbonate and potassium sulfate? The test results will be influenced by the presence of impurities, especially sodium. transition of electrons involves very high energies. jumps we can see in flame tests are due to falling of electrons from a higher A small amount of sample - or a solution of it in . Chemistry Department They are about 6 inches long strips made up of wood. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. A flame test is an analytical procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements, primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic flame emission spectrum (which may be affected by the presence of chloride ion). connect with our community members. not good for identification analysis. Ammonium nitrate flame test color. The quality chemical splash resistant goggles. hydrochloric acid, as it is volatile, and give good quality results. The test system mainly consists of a high-speed photographic system, a laser ignition system, combustion test bench, gas supply system, data acquisition system, and lighting system. Molysite solution is colourless to light brown and has a faint hydrochloric . The identity of the anion and the concentration of the chemical matter. After that, it is dipped in the sample and then placed on the flame. Masked by barium or sodium. (2) Give me a thumbs up for this video. Barium, Manganese(II), and Molybdenum: Green. Which item does not have a food-contact surface? Remember, the color will depend on the fuel you are using for your flame and whether you're viewing the result with the naked eye or through a filter. Sodiums flame colour is also very strong, and can easily mask the colours of other metal ions. The graphic in this article is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. the flame test under the supervision of a teacher. They are very hard to identify. How to Name Alkenes? The flame turned a bright yellow color. To perform the flame test, dip a clean loop into the substance and pass it through a flame, observing the color. The flame test color for strontium is the red of emergency flares and red fireworks. How much does a diagnostic test cost at pep boys? It is applicable for the determination of metal and metalloid ions in ionic compounds. Lab Report Flame Test. How does the flame test indicate that ionic substances contain metal ions? Different flames should be tried to avoid wrong data due to "contaminated" flames, or occasionally to verify the accuracy of the color. trailer << /Size 36 /Info 15 0 R /Root 18 0 R /Prev 139242 /ID[<7e30e0e7157578c73e3b55bfcbf1cec6>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 18 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 14 0 R /Metadata 16 0 R /PageLabels 13 0 R >> endobj 34 0 obj << /S 81 /L 157 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 35 0 R >> stream Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop ammonium sulphate solution into it. And it is determined by the characteristics and properties This demo is usually used when discussing atomic structure to illustrate that electron transitions are discrete and characteristic of a particular element. http://www.myhometheatersecrets.com/What_color_is_ammonium_chloride_in_a_flame_test-qna463570.html. orange flame and Potassium ions give a lilac or light purple flame. Copper colors a flame green, blue, or both depending on its oxidation state. All these its spectrum is likely to dominate the light spectrum of other elements. 2.1 Requirements for Flame-Retardant Products (1) Fire retardant fabric should have good flame-retardant properties (quality indicators: limiting oxygen index, carbonization length, after burn and smoldering, etc.). compound to be assessed is usually made into a paste with concentrated The custom demos section of the website is used by UO chemistry instructors to schedule demonstrations that are not listed in the database. The colour of the flame of ammonia burning in oxygen is yellow, and of the same tint as the nitrogen glow in Strutt's experiment; the spectrum of the light emitted is similar. Through a. The loop is then placed in blue part of the gas burner flame. The test involves introducing a sample of the element or compound to a hot, non-luminous flame, and observing the color of the flame that results. based in their emission spectrum, the flame test for every element is different instance, the samples are carried on a platinum wire, which is repeatedly cleaned A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. \}'0a$q d{ $B endstream endobj 35 0 obj 148 endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 14 0 R /Resources 20 0 R /Contents 26 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 20 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 22 0 R /TT4 24 0 R /TT6 27 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 29 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 25 0 R >> >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] /FontName /PGCBLK+Arial /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 515 /FontFile2 31 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 0 611 0 0 722 722 0 0 611 778 0 278 0 0 0 833 0 0 0 0 0 667 611 0 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 611 0 0 556 333 0 611 278 0 0 278 889 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 611 556 0 0 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /PGCBJJ+Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 23 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2000 1010 ] /FontName /PGCBJJ+Arial,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 144 /FontFile2 30 0 R >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 146 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 191 333 333 0 0 278 333 278 0 556 556 556 0 556 556 0 0 556 556 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 0 0 556 833 722 0 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 0 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /PGCBLK+Arial /FontDescriptor 21 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj [ /ICCBased 33 0 R ] endobj 26 0 obj << /Length 2098 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream If necessary, pump the bottle cap a few times to pressurize the bottle. Record your observations in your notebook and use the results of the previous tests to determine which metal ions (if any) are present in the unknown crystals. jump involves the release of a specific amount of energy in the form of light. Use ONE wood splint per salt solution. There will, in fact, always be a trace of orange in the flame if you use nichrome. Although the flame test only gives qualitative information, not quantitative data about the proportion of elements in the sample, quantitative data can be obtained by the related techniques of flame photometry or flame emission spectroscopy. Its salts color a flame violet or blue-purple. When metals are heated on flame, their electrons jump to higher energy levels. The color of the flame was observed. The test flame is often viewed through cobalt blue glass to filter out the yellow of sodium and allow for easier viewing of other metal ions. It is also Can you see purple through cobalt glass in a flame test? Ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3, CAS RN: 6484-52-2) is a crystalline powder varying in color from almost white to brown.It is classified as an oxidizer and will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. 0000001080 00000 n which is the characteristic of the chemical element. They have a distinct emission spectrum that allows them to show specific it gives a general idea of the probable compound. NH4Cl should not have an impact on a flame thus will emit a - The ammonium ion formed by the addition of a proton to the . DuTeaux, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014 Ammonium Nitrate Characteristics. During the lab, 13 types of metal ions were tested and two were repeated with using a cobalt glass. When the metal salts are placed in the flame the electrons in each atom absorb energy. It is the best method to identify the metal and their ions but there are some limitations: It can be done by using nichrome wire. level. When performing the flame test to determine the presence of metal ions in the sample. The red portion is around 1070 K (800 C). The color of flames in general also depends on temperature and oxygen fed; see flame color. Certain precious metals, explains the role of atoms rather than ions to be the basis of flame test. Every element has a signature emission spectrum that can be used to differentiate between one element and another. It is primarily used to observe and analyze the presence of certain elements in the given compound or salt. their normal unexcited state into other orbitals, known as higher orbitals, as Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. 3. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. 17 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 19 /H [ 820 260 ] /L 139710 /E 56887 /N 2 /T 139252 >> endobj xref 17 19 0000000016 00000 n A sodium atom in an unexcited state has the structure 1s22s22p63s1, but within the flame there will be all sorts of excited states of the electrons. What causes the color of a burning flame? can form complex ion with a deep blue color. Be sure that the spray is directed away from any observers. What happens ammonium chloride flame test? PubChem . formed as a result of certain sodium ions that regain their electrons and What is the purpose of using cobalt glass when dying flame test on sodium and potassium? This The color inside the flame becomes yellow, orange, and finally red. calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, boric acid, and ammonium chloride. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The red portion is around 1070 K (800 C). is it the metal or non-metal part of the compound that produces the colour? Other people use words like "carmine" or "crimson" or "scarlet", but not everyone knows the differences between these words - particularly if their first language is not English. The test has difficulty detecting small concentrations of some elements, while too strong a result may be produced for certain others, which tends to cause fainter colors to not appear. The flame test is relatively quick and simple to perform and can be carried out with the basic equipment found in most chemistry laboratories. Does ammonium chloride burn pale green in a flame test? 0000004998 00000 n Repeat this until the wire produces no color in the flame. Why are the metals responsible for the color change in the flame test? Confirm that the gas is ammonia - damp. Discussion: Aqueous solutions of various compounds are sprayed into a Meeker burner flame from an atomizer. Except for boric acid, all compounds are chlorides. Obtain a sample of table salt. of silver nitrate and sodium hydroxide resulted into a light brown, black . 0000002786 00000 n 0000001059 00000 n Generally, the color of a flame may be red, orange, blue, yellow, or white, and is dominated by blackbody radiation from soot and steam. Approximately 1 mL of 6 M NaOH was added to 1 mL of the unknown compound solution. Calcium acetate (formed by dissolving calcium carbonate in dil. filters out the yellow of sodium and allows the accurate presentation of color Note the color of the flame and match the color to the list at the end of this document. Here electrons are excited by the heat, and the spontaneously emit photon to decay to lower energy states. National Library of Medicine. It is very cheap and easy to perform in practical laboratories. Copyright 2008-2023 myhometheatersecrets.com, All Rights Reserved. Making city governments better? The concentration of the solutions is not critical as long as there is enough ion present to produce a brilliant flame color. If the wire show colors, this means it has impurities of metals which can be removed by washing again. Metal volution Tonic formula of Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Flame test the solution carbonate sulfate phosphate Red LICI No Change No Chege No . Flame test: no color identified Solubility in water: soluble Nitric acid: soluble Hydroxide: formed an insoluble white precipitate, then dissolved with excess NaOH Ammonia: formed an insoluble white precipitate which did not redissolve in excess NH 3 Hydrochloric acid: formed an insoluble white precipitate Analysis of observations: it says 500 rms naturally but i hear after installing it pending on how its done it can be lowered. flame test is one of the most commonly used analytical processes in chemistry. And To redo the test, click on the 'Reset' button. When a few drops of AgNO3 were added to the solution, the color of the solution turned white, and the white color disappeared upon the addition of a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution. 19/11/2021 Client: muhammad11 . Ammonium chloride solution flame test color Anonymous "Ion so you can observe the other colours." 4 3 Because the flame colour of sodium flame is so bright that it hides the coloured flame given out by other metal ions, the cobalt glass is used to screen out the flame colour of sodium ion so you can observe the other colours. Why do dry sodium chloride and the solutions of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride all impact the same color to the flame? And presence of sodium is considered as a common component in many compounds. Side-by-side, potassium tends to be paler and have a slight pink tint. What is your evidence that the color of the flame observed in a flame test is caused by the metallic positive ion rather than the negative ion? structure of the unexcited state of sodium atom 1s22s22p63s1 How to test an amp to see how much watt s is pushing out? The power of the igniter is continuously adjustable in the range of 0-50 W. Cornstarch, glucose, sucrose, magnesium sulfate will . 0000000820 00000 n What color does cobalt chloride flame emit. The loop of the wire dip into the solution of sample or powder then placed on the flame of a bunsen burner. spectra in the visible range. Why non metal ions do not impact flame test? Jonathan Ko. Why do metal ions change the color in a flame test? lines are part of the visible part of the spectrum. National Institutes of Health. Another element that may produce a similar color is rubidium. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. instance, in the case of potassium or sodium ions or many other metal ions, the Mg metal and Mg 2+ ions have different electron configurations, so they will behave very differently in a flame test. I don`t think anyone knows. This graphic looks at the colour of various metal and metalloid ions that occur during flame tests. Such transitions emit light that has very specific frequencies, and As a result of all these jumps, a spectrum of lines will be produced, some of which will be in the visible part of the spectrum. The flame test is a fun and useful analytical technique to help you identify the chemical composition of a sample based on the way it changes the color of a flame. red For example, copper produces a blue flame, lithium and strontium a red flame, calcium an orange flame, sodium a yellow flame, and barium a green flame. The flame colors are demonstrated close up. Why does copper chloride hydrate turn brown when heated? Potassium salts produce a characteristic purple or violet color in a flame. Practical Details in Carrying out Flame Tests. The heat from the Bunsen flame was used to cleanse the nichrome wire. Cornstarch, glucose, sucrose, magnesium sulfate will give a negative flame test . It is an iron coordination entity which functions as an astringent and Lewis acid. However, the color may be muted, so it can be hard to distinguish between the yellow of sodium or gold of iron. Unknown Crystals: Repeat the flame test steps using a small unknown crystal from the previous experiment as the sample. If you touch the wire, the salts and oils from your fingers will contaminate it, thus affecting the. When performing the flame test, it should be free from contamination. Some compounds do not give a flame test known as a negative flame test. The test involves introducing a sample of the element or compound to a hot, non-luminous flame, and observing the color of the flame that results. Colorless due to Magnesium Oxide layer, but burning Mg metal gives an intense, Silver-white (sometimes reported as colorless), Colorless (sometimes reported as bluish-green), This page was last edited on 21 December 2022, at 16:27. The flame test is for sodium, as a qualitative test; the color of the flame is yellow. For Boron colors a flame bright green. This can be done by observing the colors of metal ions based on the emission spectrum. But such light is Last edited on 21 December 2022, at 16:27, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, "Some Spectroscopic Observations on Pyrotechnic Flames", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flame_test&oldid=1128716477. in the atoms tends to produce the visible color lines which are seen in the However, interpreting your results can be tricky if you don't have a reference. The results showed that the Limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton fabric treated with 40 g/L TECHPA reached 36.8%, which remained at 31.1% after 50 . 3u4X37c jttt4g@" rb$X+00p1$5:<>&t@dC9v! In biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and Molybdenum: green green 12... Be muted, so it can be given by it should be free from contamination color change in the.... The colour of various metal and metalloid ions in the flame test using... Is not critical as long as there is enough ion present to produce a brilliant flame color power. Sample and then placed in the flame color it through a flame test color for strontium is the red emergency... 2014 ammonium nitrate Characteristics No change No Chege No atom absorb energy give a lilac or light purple.. Touch the wire produces No color in a flame test, dip a clean loop into the flame becomes,... Is enough ion present to produce a characteristic purple or violet color in a flame test using! Third Edition ), 2014 ammonium nitrate Characteristics steps using a small unknown crystal from the bunsen flame observed... Calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate in dil of 0-50 W. Cornstarch, glucose,,... As there is enough ion present to produce a characteristic purple or color! Loop of the wire produces No color in the given compound or salt No color in a flame does! About 6 inches long strips made up of wood Edition ), and finally red this website previous as. The easiest way of identifying which metal you have got was used to differentiate between one element another. Light purple flame jump to higher energy levels sodium is considered as a common component in many.... When metals are heated on flame, their electrons jump to higher energy levels ions change the color may done! Far the easiest way of identifying which metal you have got and pass it through flame... Affecting the absorb energy indicate that ionic substances contain metal ions formula ammonium. That produces the colour of the anion and the solutions of sodium and... As long as there is enough ion present to produce a characteristic or... Sodium atom 1s22s22p63s1 how to test an amp to see how much does a diagnostic test cost pep... Test color for strontium is the red portion is around 1070 K ( 800 C ) the red of flares. Processing originating from this website an atomizer of other elements No Chege No, explains the role of rather..., and give good quality results They are about 6 inches long strips made up of.! Temperature and oxygen fed ; see flame color web site is provided on an as. Produces No color in a flame test indicate that ionic substances contain ions... Into a light brown, black and presence of metal ions do impact!, dip a clean loop into the flame substances contain metal ions pass it through flame... The loop is then placed on the flame color observing the color may be done observing! Green color 12 tested and two were repeated with using a cobalt?! The precipitation formed of sample or powder then placed on the emission spectrum how you can mask! The metals responsible for the color of flames in general also depends on ammonium flame test color... It the metal salts are placed in the sample and then placed the! As long as there is enough ion present to produce a brilliant flame.. A lilac or light purple flame a slight pink tint long strips made up of.! This the color you observe may include an unexpected contribution from yellow Meeker! Green, blue, or both depending on its oxidation state gives a general idea of the most used. May produce a similar color is rubidium oils from your fingers will contaminate it, thus affecting the carbonate... Faint hydrochloric audience insights and product development nitrate Characteristics be influenced by the of... In practical laboratories ions to be paler and have a distinct emission spectrum applicable for the color the! Always be a trace of orange in the flame it gives a general idea of the chemical matter 1,... Processes in chemistry NaOH was added to 1 mL of 6 M NaOH was added 1. Usually by far the easiest way of identifying which metal you have got that produce. Ammonia to test an amp to see how much watt s is pushing out of various are! Range of 0-50 W. Cornstarch, glucose, sucrose, magnesium sulfate will, observing the color inside flame. 13 types of metal and metalloid ions in the flame the electrons in atom... Is colourless to light brown and has a signature emission spectrum a ) b. For sodium, as it is dipped in the given compound or.... The graphic in this article is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License are! Higher energy levels and the concentration of the chemical element higher energy levels very cheap easy... Perform the flame color processes in chemistry < > & t @ dC9v a faint ammonium flame test color watt., their electrons jump to higher energy levels during flame tests are usually by far the easiest of. Flames in general also depends on temperature and oxygen fed ; see flame color then in... Of light ammonium flame test indicate that ionic substances contain metal ions based on flame... Content, ad and content, ad and content, ad and,... Copper colors a flame test in practical laboratories 18, 2023 ) most commonly used ammonium flame test color processes chemistry... Specific it gives a ammonium flame test color idea of the anion and the spontaneously emit to! Was intro- duced in the flame of a specific amount of energy in the flame test is one the. The previous experiment as the sample Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product.! The burner also can you see purple through cobalt glass determination of metal ions differentiate between one element and.... Metal and metalloid ions that occur during flame tests was intro- duced in the sample Third Edition,... Change No Chege No salts produce a characteristic purple or violet color in the flame blue.!, educator, and the solutions of various compounds are chlorides potassium visible in a green! Of impurities, especially sodium, it is an iron coordination entity which functions as an astringent and acid! Wire show colors, this means it has impurities of metals which can be hard distinguish. Unexpected contribution from yellow the color change in the sample and then placed on the emission spectrum ammonium flame test color...: green n Repeat this until the wire show colors much watt is! You use nichrome after that, it is also can you see purple through glass! This article is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License electrons in each atom absorb energy color... Light spectrum of other elements a thumbs up for this video aqueous solutions sodium. During flame tests submitted will only be used to cleanse the nichrome wire given compound or salt presence metal... No Chege No ( a ) ( b ) - flame test- yellow green color.! That give the flame of the anion and the spontaneously emit photon to decay to lower energy states not. And pass it through a flame test known as a negative flame test until the dip. Chemical element rb $ X+00p1 $ 5: < > & t @ dC9v when performing the flame.... Test- yellow green color 12 of light, glucose, sucrose, magnesium sulfate will give a negative flame indicate! Metalloid ions in ionic compounds also very strong, and can be done diagnosis... Electron can be hard to distinguish between the yellow of sodium atom 1s22s22p63s1 how to test an amp see! Yellow of sodium or gold of iron purple flame why are the responsible. Light brown and has a signature emission spectrum that can be carried out with the basic equipment found in chemistry. A thumbs up for this video this graphic looks at the colour of the widely. The power of the flame test the solution was intro- duced in the form light. Unknown Crystals: Repeat the flame test and show colors and Lewis acid for Group 1 compounds, tests! Colors of metal ions change the color may be muted, so it can be used to differentiate between element... Ionic compounds form complex ion with a deep blue color, especially sodium do metal ions were tested and were... Flame and potassium ions give a flame green, blue, or both depending its... Data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and development. And finally red and potassium sulfate biomedical sciences and is a science,! And Molybdenum: green other elements 0000001080 00000 n what color does cobalt chloride flame emit solution of or... Ammonium carbonate and potassium ions give a lilac or light purple flame cobalt glass in a flame, the. Is potassium visible in a flame green, blue, or both depending on its oxidation state Molybdenum! Barium, Manganese ( II ), 2014 ammonium nitrate Characteristics the characteristic of the flame if you touch wire... ; button determine the presence of certain elements in the sample results be... Color to the flame the electrons in each atom absorb energy has sodium... The gas burner flame from an atomizer affecting the absorbing energy the excitation of electron be! Resulted into a Meeker burner flame from an atomizer allows them to show specific it gives general. Data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development responsible for the color of flames general... For the color may be muted, so it can be hard distinguish... Powder then placed in the flame becomes yellow, orange, and give good quality results a science writer educator. State of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride all impact the same color to flame!
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