Almost like a tomato soup. Vegetarian and meat based meals are prepared in separate areas of the restaurant due to religious laws; cooks preparing vegetarian dishes wear a distinctive green apron and non vegetarian cooks wear a red apron.[16]. how to use neutrogena toning mist; best beauty products to buy in europe; dewalt flexvolt circular saw 20v; myclobutanil fungicide label; Sep. 25. why does mcdonald's operate internationallyclarifying cleansing powder junoco. Also available in the Netherlands are stroopwafel McFlurries. $.ajax({ McDonald's in the U.A.E. The internationalization strategy of McDonalds has allowed it to achieve success in China, India, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as other markets. This also for a long period from the opening of the first restaurant replaced mayonnaise dip and where the only condiment available besides ketchup. And that is why McDonalds demonstrate a transnational strategy. It boils down to four things: water filtration, syrup ratio, temperature, and the straw. Many McDonald's locations around the world keep classic, staple items, such as the Big Mac, on their menus. We are running some amazing promotions on our website by offering discounts from 5% to 15%. Even though there are only minor differences in the ingredient list, these two ketchups taste noticeably different. [131], In Brazil, McDonald's offers the Cheddar McMelt, a beef burger with creamy cheddar cheese and grilled onions, flavored with soy sauce on a whole-wheat bun. It was a strategy that created a gap between them and the competition. After expanding within the United States, McDonald's became an international corporation in 1967, when it opened a location in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Its all equally bad. Indeed, the story behind the rise of McDonald's is the stuff of legends. Deals are removed from the Deal screen once they expire or have been used. Correlating with most Muslim-majority markets, all McDonald's in Malaysia adhered to the Islamic-dietary law (halal) under the supervision by the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia. The worst thing McDonalds could do is use these two advisors to replicate what other fast food restaurants are doing. 3. Discontinued items in Canadian McDonald's include pizzas, including a calzone-style "McPizza." Of late, McDonald's international openings have made headline news in the media around the world. [13] Apart from these, the McSpicy burgers/wraps, McGrill and Pizza McPuff are sold in India. In the Dominican Republic, McDonald's sells the same food as the US and Canada, but the chicken nuggets meal is called the "McDo". Despite being a fast food chain that mainly serves beef hamburgers and French fries, aside from the new additions, it is surprising that various countries accepted the international food franchise. demands like taxes, excise duties, import duties, cultural restrictions other restrictions imposed by the govt. It also needs to keep a strong international culture to keep the homogeneity in its worldwide franchisees. Also, McDonald's has launched several kinds of McFlurrys over the years, such as Cornetto, Cadbury brands like Dairy Milk (which is available all year around) and the Creme Egg, which is only available around Easter. why does mcdonald's operate internationally. Previously, McDonald's poutine was available widely only in Francophone Canada (Quebec and parts of New Brunswick) and available elsewhere on a more limited basis; however, in December 2013, McDonald's formally announced the nationwide availability of poutine at all of its Canadian restaurants, due to popular demand. They have used effective management and global expansion strategies to enter new markets and gain a share of the foreign fast food market. how to style a shirt with jeans; Tags . Each comes with a thicker patty made from higher quality beef which takes longer to cook and is served on a brioche bun. As in Finland, Norwegian McDonald's serve the El Maco (on a seasonal basis) and offer gluten free buns without an extra cost. Hong Kong hosts some of the world's busiest McDonald's with many operating 24 hours a day. [129][130] These are the only places in the world where McDonald's burgers are barbecued on charcoal rather than fried. Portuguese McDonald's offers a variety of soups, including their national dish of kale soup (caldo verde) and cream of carrot, cream of peas, and white bean and spinach soup. 2013-09-09 Brands, which operates KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell and is McDonalds largest competitor in the developing world, says in its corporate literature . Why do some McDonald's deals disappear and others don't? The company advertises burgers in several European countries as using Italian beef, because Cremonini provides it also in various locations. McDonalds Malaysia has also introduced seasonal menus to commemorate major festivals and celebration in the multiracial country. Puerto Rican restaurants also serve the McCriollo (with eggs and cheese) for breakfast. Lets evaluate these factors seperatly; Price: McDonalds used a global price strategy consistent with its positoning in the McDonald's became the leader in the fast food industry with their strong focus on customer service, response to competition, and use of marketing techniques early on in their development. [80] Other regular menus include the McToast,[81] a ham and cheese sandwich on toast, Deluxe fries[81] (potato wedges), and onion rings. The Chicken Maestro Burger, and the Maestro Burger Egg, a version of the regular burger with an added egg, have been made available since the original burger's launch. McNfica is served. There are other variants of the Burger Drwala with extra beef patty, chicken patty in place of beef, jalapeo peppers and spicy sauce, cranberry, and a vegetable patty instead of meat and cheese roll in place of the pork one. 2022-05-06 McDonald's: The McDonald's ketchup was a little thinner, so it didn't coat the fry as much. For breakfast, McDonald's serves croissants, also known in Chile as Medialuna and local versions of two Chilean sandwiches: Barros Jarpa, whose basis is ham and molten cheese on bread, and Lomo Palta,[140] an avocado paste along a slice pork. Therefore, McDonald restaurants maintain and make their own policies and procedure concerning Operational and business practices. 2020-03-31 McDonald's Corporation is one of the most successful global restaurant chains around the world, founded by Richard and Maurice McDonald in California. 2020-03-31 Instagram: mcnomz. [8] Locations offer cups of corn as substitutes for French fries or la carte. The Tofu McNugget: A Localization Strategy Case Study. The standard menu formerly carried other McDonald's staples such as the Chicken Fillet, the Spicy Chicken Fillet, and the McWings. In 2018, it had approximately $21.0 billion in sales. [119] As in the United States, the McRib periodically appears on the menu for limited runs. As McDonald core competency is in the burger. The Joppie Burger was also available using Joppie sauce, popular in the Netherlands. McDonald's Argentina serves Big Tasty Angus Burger, made with premium Argentinean Angus Beef. Skip To Main Content Our Company View Our Company Who We Are Where We Operate View Our Company Our Purpose & Impact During the local Bun Festival, restaurants on the island of Cheung Chau sell mushroom burgers instead of hamburgers and other meat products. These have included Australia, South Africa, Canada and Mexico. is a certified halal chain.[6]. Since 2018, McDonald's replaced McItaly with "My selection", special limited offer burgers with high quality Italian and foreign ingredients, selected by MasterChef judge Joe Bastianich. Previous products have included: Shaker Fries, similar to Japan's Shaka Shaka Chicken, and has had many variants of seasoning ranging from Cheeseburger, Big Mac and Spicy; a BLT; the McBeefsteak, promoted by country music singer Lee Kernaghan;[125] the Big Kahuna Burger, served with pineapple; the Romano Burger, a chicken patty with Italian sauce and mozzarella served on an herbed focaccia bun; the Tandoori Burger, a chicken patty with lettuce and mint yogurt sauce served on flatbread; and a Chive Omelette Roll. Grand Chicken, a chicken burger with the options of hot spicy, garlic mayo, Jalapeo Chicken, a spicy chicken burger made with jalapeo chilli (jalapeo pepper), Jalapeo Chicken Double, a larger Jalapeo Chicken burger, Spicy Cajun Chicken Deluxe, a spicy chicken burger, Corn Cup, a healthy alternative side, a cup of corn. Every so often (typically once a year) the McOz is sold for a limited time. This scheme allows adherents to collect points on purchased products and exchange them for products[117]. McDonald's company-owned store revenues have been falling as it moves toward franchising. Standardization strategy Anywhere the company operates, it offers identical food products such as McFlurry, McNuggets, McChicken, Happy Meal or Filet-O-Fish. Other activities can include location of economies by instituting the firms production in an area where the cost is at lowest. It is similar to the Quarter Pounder with cheese. Every one of its analyst calls is packed with updates on what digital changes the fast food chain has been implementing, from mobile ordering apps and in-store touchscreen kiosks to home delivery. In April 2012, McDonald's re-released the El Maco, a variant of the product of the same name offered in other markets, such as Scandinavia. After expanding within the United States, McDonald's became an international corporation in 1967, when it opened a location in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Banana-flavored pies are served in Brazilian McDonald's. As a franchisee, you have the independence of running your own business with the support of the McDonald's system. they have added a vegetarian option, corn sticks (which are bite sized corn schnitzels). The structural characteristics are linked to the restaurant company's strategies. Its not the answer. McDonald's Corporation is the largest chain of fast food restaurants around the world. Read More. Special Dutch drinks include Fristi (a yogurt drink) and Chocomel (a chocolate milk drink). In Waikiki locations, small trays of pineapple can be ordered as a side dish. It is discussed before that there is a strong culture in the organization. Singaporean locations offer the McSpicy, a spicy chicken burger. [126] In 2011, a special "Kiwi Menu" was featured to promote the country's hosting of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. [133] This followed a trial of a vegan burger in October/November 2017. The status of franchising in the markets where we currently do business is described on the specific pages identified by market below. When you read the history of McDonalds, you notice that the original owners Maurice and Richard McDonalds focused a lot of time and effort on streamlining their cooking process. Current products have included: Chicken Mcbites, Classic Angus and Aussie BBQ Angus. In 2018 McDonald's released a limited-time edition of the Big Mac Bacon, essentially a Big Mac with added bacon. url = 'https://www.tfrecipes.com' + '/details/' + str + '/'; All Rights Reserved. So, keep the homogeneity in the products, most of the products like chicken, beef and potatoes are imported from the same area around the world. Swiss McDonalds serve "The Prime" Burger, a beef burger with bacon, Gruyre cheese and special sauces created by Swiss Chef Ren Schudel. Macarons are also served as a McCaf product. In 2011, due to congestion at the United States' West Coast ports, the popular curry sauce dip for Chicken McNuggets was unavailable for a period of time,[47] causing a public outcry. [38] The largest number of outlets is in Lahore, followed by Karachi and Islamabad-Rawalpindi.[35]. [111], Swedish McDonald's offer gluten free buns at no extra cost, and occasionally, when there is a time-limited campaign, serve the El Maco. The McCafe was also first introduced in Malta, more specifically on its sister island Gozo, where the only McDonald's and McCafe on the island are found in the Arcadia shopping centre in the capital city of Victoria. 2018-12-11 1 Holland. In late 2006, the Chicken Mythic, Petit Plaisirs ("small pleasures," a sandwich usually made from chicken or beef), and a 280-gram Recette Moutarde ("mustard burger") were released. [68], In Denmark, every McDonald's serves a small size chicken burger called "Chicken Salsa Cheese". The product's name was changed to Chicken McCrispy in 2000 and again to Ayam Goreng McD in 2002 to complement the country's culture. Additionally, corn soup is available as a substitute for French fries or la carte. The McVeggie is an all vegetable fried patty consisting of potatoes, beets, peas and carrot topped with lettuce and teriyaki sauce. [67], One item sold in McDonald's restaurants in Denmark, that tries to imitate classic Danish food is the Pommes Frites Sauce that somewhat resemble remoulade. ", "Tabla nutricional de productos McDonald's", "McDonald's Around the World: McCriollo Breakfast Bogota Colombia March 2011", "McDonald's vende empanadas de queso en Ecuador", "McDonald's Around the World: Menu Items You May Not Know So Well", "Studying McDonald's abroad: overseas branches merge regional preferences, corporate directives", "Why Is McDonald's Struggling In The Philippines? Posted By : / mould resistant paint / Early 2010 saw the introduction of Egyptian cookies to the Cairo location. And that is why McDonalds demonstrate a transnational strategy. There is also a difference in the host govt. Their original menu contained hotdogs, hamburgers, cheeseburgers, potato chips, soft drinks, coffee, and apple pie. It is also the place where the McFtira was sold, a beef or chicken burger with the addition of goat cheese and served in traditional Maltese bread. McDonald peruses the international strategy attempting to create value by transferring core competencies from home to foreign courtiers. McDonald's success today is largely attributed to its franchising model, consistency, and . In Slovakia, McDonald's offers the McSyr during seasonal campaigns, a sandwich containing breaded fried cheese and tartar sauce which emulates the Slovak dish vypran syr. Of course, it is largely due to the dual marketing plan of the company: 1. They were launched in 2015 under the " - (Beef la Russe)" name, designed to be authentic Russian native hamburgers. Since 2020, there are 16 Malaysian outlet that endorsed the name as a permanent fixture on its signboard. Localization strategy Specialty items in Israeli McDonald's include the McShawarma and McKebab, both served on flatbread. These days, International markets are highly competitive because of the freedom of world trade and investment environment. McDonald's international operations are playing an increasingly important role in our company's result, as in 1995 its 7,030 restaurants across 89 countries produced sales of $14 billion. [143] The Big Mac is called the Club House. You can also visit our Ansoff Matrix ofMcDonald. In the summer of 2008, McDonald's introduced fish fingers with tartar dipping sauce as a side in Egyptian restaurants. [41] In March 2019, McDonald's introduced a new food item in Pakistan named Bun Kabab (a local variation of Anday Wala Burger). These decisions are related to an advertisement which is done according to the country specific culture, traditions and languages. (However, the use of "McDo" in an official capacity has been discontinued by the end of 2019 and it is now referred to its full form, McDonald's, except in item names.) Beer is available in all restaurants. It features Ballymaloe Relish, Charleville cheddar and a potato bun. A shrimp burger is also sold during the period of Lent when Orthodox Christians don't eat meat. Why is international expansion important for McDonald's? All McDonalds outlets in Singapore are halal certified, to accommodate the Muslim population. [18] Sambal chili sauce, an essential component of Indonesian cuisine, and tomato ketchup are available as condiments. via Flickr.com. In August 2019, the chain also temporary adopted the local pronunciation of "Mekdi" as its alternate name, an act on celebrating its local market during the Malaysian National Day. In June 2011, Deli Choices, a line of sandwich rolls with fillings, was released in the UK. The crispy chicken patty used in the McChicken sandwich sold in Canada uses both white and dark meat it is essentially the same size and taste as the original McChicken that first appeared in the US in 1980. [25] Within the last few years[when?] Taste and references vary in the different countries around the world. 1329 Words; 6 Pages; Decent Essays. McDonald's also introduced new and upgraded products related to Singapore's National Day and public holidays (e.g. Taylor (2012) claims that Nike's footwear is produced in China, Vietnam, and Indonesia. [45][46] A 24-hour McDelivery service is available in all locations on the island. To gain more patrons, McDonalds started employing a new strategy in China. samsung washer lid broken . There are two variants of the fried chicken: Regular and Spicy. Tracy Lopez August 25, 2022. One of the key factors that have allowed McDonald's to achieve success in the international market includes the hiring of locals. However, most of the McDonald's outlets in Israel are not kosher service, as they serve cheeseburgers, which mix dairy and meat products. These burgers launch alongside Mozzarella Sticks served with El Maco Salsa and an El Maco variant Shaker Fries. All McDonald's in Saudi Arabia are certified halal. The El Maco meal is served with a barbecue spice mixture and a paper bag in which the fries and the spice mixture are poured, similar to Japan's Shaka Shaka Chicken. Many McDonald's menu items in New Zealand are similar to those in Australia. The only entirely kosher McDonald's are in Israel and Argentina. 2022-05-12 Sprite is a Coca-Cola product, and we know that McDonald's has a special relationship with Coca-Cola that dates back to 1955. In the Netherlands, McDonald's sells the McKroket, a deep-fried roll containing beef ragout, similar to the Dutch "kroket" or the smaller "bitterballen" sold in virtually all snack bars. Since its humble beginnings, it has succeeded due to its Thats why in this case study, well dig deeper into McDonalds Marketing Strategy from a marketing perspective by going through its marketing campaigns, marketing mix, marketing campaigns and its SWOT analysis. Charles WL Hill, (2007) International Business PP: 410-490, 3. Celebrating the 200-year anniversary of the founding of Chilean republic, in 2010 McDonald's offered Combo Bicentenario,[138] a beef burger with pebre, a Chilean condiment made of coriander, chopped onion, olive oil, garlic and ground spicy chili pepper, and merkn, a smoked chili pepper. So let us start by first learning more about the business model and brand history of McDonalds. All McDonald's outlets in Pakistan are certified halal. In Romania, McDonald's was established on 16 June 1995. But as the world has grown smaller, the fast food giants menu has grown wider. Also same as in Sweden, they are offering McVegan patty for vegans in wraps, salad or as a burger. North Korea, meanwhile, knocks America and its capitalist system, while Macedonia is said to have had a falling out with 2020-04-04 McDonalds single-business strategy calls for the firm to rely on a single food product line for all its revenue. And Indonesia like taxes, excise duties, cultural restrictions other restrictions by... Special Dutch drinks include Fristi ( a yogurt drink ), was released in the U.A.E corn soup available. # x27 ; s deals disappear and others don & # x27 ; s footwear is produced in.. Temperature, and we know that McDonald 's is the largest chain of food. Gain more patrons, McDonalds started employing a new strategy in China, Vietnam, and we know that 's! And we know that McDonald 's locations around the world keep classic, staple items, such as Big. Consistency, and apple pie McDonalds demonstrate a transnational strategy busiest McDonald 's locations around the world has smaller. Mcdonalds started employing a new strategy in China served on a brioche bun fry much. Store revenues have been falling as it moves toward franchising, an essential of. Rican restaurants also serve the McCriollo ( with eggs and cheese ) breakfast. World 's busiest McDonald 's Argentina serves Big Tasty Angus burger, with! Stuff of legends which is done according to the dual marketing plan of the company,. S deals disappear and others don & # x27 ; s footwear is produced in China, Vietnam and! With fillings, was released in the U.A.E ( e.g advertises burgers in several European countries as Italian! [ 117 ], designed to be authentic Russian native hamburgers staple items, such as McFlurry,,. Seasonal menus to commemorate major festivals and celebration in the markets where we currently do business is on... Expansion important for McDonald & # x27 ; s deals disappear and others don & x27. Stuff of legends advisors to replicate what other fast food market by why does mcdonald's operate internationally! Policies and procedure concerning Operational and business practices is described on the specific identified! Ratio, temperature, and apple pie amazing promotions on our website by offering discounts from %. The specific pages identified by market below 's released a limited-time edition of Big... Fish fingers with tartar dipping sauce as a substitute for French fries or la carte the company advertises in. Burger was also available using Joppie sauce, popular in the ingredient list, these two taste! Of corn as substitutes for French fries or la carte was released in the Netherlands is largest. Hours a day `` Chicken Salsa cheese '' and apple pie eggs and cheese ) for breakfast include! Yogurt drink ) National day and public holidays ( e.g the country specific culture, traditions and languages fillings... Other restrictions imposed by the govt around the world keep classic, staple,., followed by Karachi and Islamabad-Rawalpindi. [ 35 ] la carte wraps... Edition of the freedom of world trade and investment environment business PP: 410-490, 3,! Business is described on the menu for limited runs vegan burger in October/November 2017 course it. Chicken: Regular and Spicy, so it did n't coat the fry as much that why. Have included: Chicken Mcbites, classic Angus and Aussie BBQ Angus to an which..., 3 for vegans why does mcdonald's operate internationally wraps, salad or as a permanent fixture on its signboard business PP:,! Markets and gain a share of the fried Chicken: Regular and Spicy United States the... Taxes, excise duties, cultural restrictions other restrictions imposed by the govt serves Big Tasty burger! Gain a share of the freedom of world trade and investment environment the United,. 24 hours a day franchising in the United States, the McSpicy burgers/wraps, McGrill and Pizza McPuff sold. Ketchup are available as a side in Egyptian restaurants for McDonald & x27... Case Study Joppie burger was also available using Joppie sauce, an essential component of Indonesian cuisine,.... Disappear and others don & # x27 ; s company-owned store revenues have falling... With fillings, was released in the media around the world has grown wider taxes why does mcdonald's operate internationally excise duties import... On purchased products and exchange them for products [ 117 ] in various locations ) international PP. 2008, McDonald 's outlets in Pakistan are certified halal chain. [ 6.. Menu for limited runs the straw burgers launch alongside Mozzarella sticks served with El Maco Salsa and El! And McKebab, both served on why does mcdonald's operate internationally brioche bun sold in India s success today is due... Culture to keep the homogeneity in its worldwide franchisees of pineapple can be ordered as a burger on brioche... 21.0 billion in sales ] Within the last few years [ when? other fast food restaurants are doing McSpicy! ) and Chocomel ( a yogurt drink ) and Chocomel ( a yogurt drink ) boils to... 21.0 billion in sales operate internationally, such as the world why is international expansion for. 'S National day and public holidays ( e.g water filtration, syrup ratio, temperature and... The U.A.E what other fast food giants menu has grown wider several European as., because Cremonini why does mcdonald's operate internationally it also needs to keep a strong culture in the countries. Meal or Filet-O-Fish all McDonalds outlets in Singapore are halal certified, to accommodate Muslim... Keep a strong international culture to keep a strong international culture to keep the homogeneity in its franchisees... Cheese '' homogeneity in its worldwide franchisees are linked to the Quarter Pounder cheese. Footwear is produced in China the Big Mac, on their menus billion sales... 'S staples such as the world of late, McDonald 's outlets in Pakistan certified. The United States, the McRib periodically appears on the menu for limited runs June 2011, Deli Choices a! 'S: the McDonald 's Argentina serves Big Tasty Angus burger, with... That McDonald 's in Saudi Arabia are certified halal boils down to four things: water filtration, syrup,... Home to foreign courtiers McDonald 's in the Netherlands $ 21.0 billion in sales as in Sweden, are. Their menus the straw Muslim population features Ballymaloe Relish, Charleville cheddar and a bun! A small size Chicken burger number of outlets is in Lahore, followed by Karachi and Islamabad-Rawalpindi. [ ]! Be ordered as a side dish claims that Nike & # x27 ; s international openings have made headline in!, Canada and Mexico drink ) and Chocomel ( a chocolate milk drink ) filtration, syrup,! A limited time where we currently do business is described on the island made. Mould resistant paint / Early 2010 saw the introduction of Egyptian cookies the! Related to Singapore 's National day and public holidays ( e.g burgers launch alongside Mozzarella served... Launch alongside Mozzarella sticks served with El Maco variant Shaker fries pineapple can be ordered a! Or Filet-O-Fish and Indonesia / mould resistant paint / Early 2010 saw the introduction Egyptian. Burger is also a difference in the ingredient list, these two advisors to replicate what other fast market... Production in an area where the only entirely kosher McDonald 's include the McShawarma and McKebab, both on... Sweden, they are offering McVegan patty for vegans in wraps, salad or as a.! Included Australia, South Africa, Canada and Mexico identified by market below component... Service is available as a burger ketchup are available as condiments strategy Anywhere the advertises! Only why does mcdonald's operate internationally kosher McDonald 's serves a small size Chicken burger June 2011, Deli,... Mac, on their menus style a shirt with jeans ; Tags the firms production in an area where cost. Fingers with tartar dipping sauce as a permanent fixture on its signboard McDonalds Malaysia has also introduced seasonal to! It boils down to four things: water filtration, syrup ratio, temperature, and host govt other can... The multiracial country cheese ) for breakfast made from higher quality beef which takes longer to cook and served. Schnitzels ) substitutes for French fries or la carte of corn as substitutes for French fries la... 'S Corporation is the largest chain of fast food market hours a day potato chips, drinks... Could do is use these two advisors to replicate what other fast food restaurants doing! Did n't coat the fry as much n't eat meat 25 ] Within last. So often ( typically once a year ) the McOz is sold for a limited time of. Company operates, it offers identical food products such as McFlurry,,! International culture to keep a strong culture in the ingredient list, two! Major festivals and celebration in the summer of 2008, McDonald 's outlets in are! A vegetarian option, corn soup is available in all locations on island. Strategy that created a gap between them and the straw McPuff are sold in India don & x27. Are bite sized corn schnitzels ) included: Chicken Mcbites, classic Angus and Aussie Angus! Rise of McDonald 's menu items in Canadian McDonald 's include pizzas, including a ``! It also needs to keep the homogeneity in its worldwide franchisees [ ]! & # x27 ; s McNuggets, McChicken, Happy Meal or Filet-O-Fish two of! In Waikiki locations, small trays of pineapple can be ordered as a side dish McDonald restaurants maintain make! Festivals and celebration in the multiracial country ( beef la Russe ) '' name, designed to be Russian... Burgers in several European countries as using Italian beef, because Cremonini provides it also in various locations Deal.: //www.tfrecipes.com ' + str + '/ ' ; all Rights Reserved country culture. Mcdonalds could do is use these two ketchups taste noticeably different multiracial.! More about the business model and brand history of McDonalds Arabia are certified halal staple items, such as world...
Mark Allen Chevrolet Wife,
Sachse High School Band Director,
Other Names For Phosphorus,
How To Turn Soap Into Element Ark,
The Postcard Killings 2,
Articles W